我发现市面上的万年历(包括网能找到的各种电子万年历)有两个不同的版本,最明显的是2033年闰月的分歧。一般介绍农历的资料只提到“无中气定闰”,未见提及“定冬至法”。在“定冬至法”里定冬至是首要规律,然后才考虑无中气问题。有趣的是我在农历网《农历小知识》栏目中看到一篇文章对“假闰月”有不同的规定。该文讨论了定冬至、假闰月和2033年如何置闰等问题。我想知道是否因为这样的不同理解导致了出现了万年历的不同版本?
附该文:
公历和农历之间如何转换?
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很多人都一直在找换阴阳历的公式。我也尝试过。曾读过「高平子」天文前辈所着「学历散论」了解古历的变更和阴阳历的缺陷。才知道由於月球转动的不稳定不规则,确定无公式可寻。这也是古代中国每百年必改历的原因。
阴历最大的问题是在如何置闰。好像不难,因为阴历基本法则如下:
* 月朔日即是初一
* 月以中气得名
* 以包含雨水中气月为正月,即是「寅」月
* 月无中气者为闰月,以前月同名
如果,日月转动循还有规则的话,
推演一套阴阳历转换的公式并不难。问题在有时一个太阴月比一个太阳月还要长。如此一个太阴月就有可能包括两个中气。此双中气月後的阴历月名就全部乱掉了,直到下一个「假」闰月後才调整过来。
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中国阴阳历的天文数字和原始程式用简单英文阐述,
请从下述 Chinese Lunar Calendar
进入。
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When a lunar month contains two solar Center Points, then there will be a month nearby without any Center Point. Such a month without any Center Point is not a Leap Month, is called a Fake Leap Month. Therefore, the lunar month 2053/03/20 07:12:00 in the March of 2053 is not a Leap Month.
Because this imperfection of Chinese Leap Month assignment, we need the 5th rule into the Chinese Calendar original rules.
- The new moon day is the first day of a lunar month
- The name of a lunar name is named by the Solar Center Point
- The first lunar month of the year is the Tiger month, which contains Rain Water Center Point
- The lunar month without a Center Point is a Leap Month ( Intercalary Month )
- The first Leap Month after a lunar month containing two solar Center Points is a Fake Leap Month and must be removed
All these five rules are good enough to make a nearly perfect Chinese Calendar. However, some articles about Chinese Calendar provides more rules. such as
- The Winter Solstice should fall in the 11th lunar month
- The Chinese New Year Day must be between January 21st and February 21st
- The 11th, 12th and 1st lunar months shouldn't contain a Leap Month
- If there are two Leap Months in a Lunar Year, then the first Leap Month after the Winter Solstice is considered intercalary.
There are no strong astronomical reasons to make those rules for Chinese Calendar. Actually, they are only thumb-of-rule to determine the location of Leap Months.
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Some articles report the Leap Month is after 11th Lunar Month in 2033 of China Civil Calendar. But our calculation shows the Leap Month is after 7th Lunar Month in 2033.