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R-7章潜五:与周书先先生讨论“永久历”的性能  发帖心情 Post By:2008/2/24 11:29:00

```````````````````````与周书先先生讨论“永久历”的性能
```````````````````````````陕西省老科协历改委  章潜五

````曾一平教授提出独大月的自然历方案(立春年首、五日周),周书先先生提出连大月的永久历方案(冬至年首、连续七日周)。两人在网上争鸣辩论已多年,促进了历法改革的深入研讨。双方列出了年历表和“助记歌”,然而缺乏全面的指标评比,笔者曾在会刊中简列多项指标对比。近日,周先生提出了永久历新方案(不改革公历年首),列出了四种历法的性能比较表,共有23项性能指标。
````这四种历法是:公历(格里历)、世界历(世界改历运动提出的四季历方案)、永久历(新方案)、自然历。周先生希望本会组织讨论,并已计划把方案提呈我国政府和联合国组织等有关机构。在已付印的会刊《历改信息》第35期中,载有曾教授综述介绍《世界历2012年启用运动》及其文章《“世界历2012年启用运动”可行吗?》,会刊简要摘载了周先生的这个新方案,但其23项性能指标未及载出。

````本会去年8月发出“关于研制中华新历的《征求意见书》”,在“附件一 中华新阳历方案的长期年历表”中,列有4种五日周历方案(6月独大历、1月独大历、夏季连大月历、夏秋连大月历)和1种七日周历方案(照顾七日周习俗的新四季历),这些新历方案是汇集20多位同仁提出的不同方案,综合了多数同仁的改历主张。在“附件二 6种历法方案的主要性能比较表”中,加列了连续七日周的格里历,比较的历法性能指标有14项。通过主要性能指标的定量或定性对比,得出的结论是:6月独大历和1月独大历的科学性最好,创新思想好,综合性能最好。其中的6月独大历就是曾教授提出的自然历方案,不同之处是每年余下的一个五日周(闰年为6日)在自然历方案中称为“年中周”。
````下面,笔者对于永久历的性能谈点意见。

``````````````````一、补充几条历法的主要性能指标
````笔者对比了本会与周先生提出的性能指标体系,发现周先生没有列出下列几项重要的性能指标:年历表种类数,日期星期关系、千年不变特性、月历表种类数、大小月规律。
````周先生提出的新历方案称为“永久历”,若不列出年历表的种类数,不比较是否具有年历表的千年不变特性,怎能证明它确实具有“永久”性能呢?
````格里历的月历表种类数多达28种,大小月规律性差,上世纪兴起的世界改历运动,世人赞同的改历方案是四季历(即世界历,笔者认为虽然它把“连续七日周”改为七日周,但它没有纠正公历年首不正的缺点,因而十多年前就提出其改进方案——新四季历),月历表种类数降为4种,大小月规律性明显提高。周先生提出了月长、月差等3项指标,但却没有上述两项指标的评比,这显然是不合适的。
````格里历的主要缺点是它采用了不科学的连续七日周,因此不具有日期与星期的固定对应关系,诸多节假日在各年年历表中游移不定(七天内),致使每年需要频繁地调休,这是世人深有感受的困扰,不提出此项性能指标有欠合理。
````为供作出客观的性能评比,笔者补充上述5项主要性能指标的比较见表一,其中历表种类数的核算见表二。
````表一``四种历法的部分主要性能评比表
``性能指标``````````公历``````````````````世界历`````````````永久历``````````````自然历
年历表种类数``````14种``````````````````2种````````````有可能超过14种`````````2种
日期星期关系```无固定关系``````````有固定关系```````无固定关系`````````有固定关系
千年不变特性```无,常需调休``````有,不需调休````无,常需调休``````有,不需调休
月历表种类数``````28种``````````````````4种`````````````````14种`````````````````3种
大小月规律性```差(有宗教皇权烙印)``较好``````````````差```````````````````最好
(今仅列出`````大小大,小大小,``大小小,大小小,``小小大,小大小,``各月30日,
平年历月)`````大大小,大小大。``大小小,大小小。``大大小,大小小。``年中周5日。
上述五项评比````````差````````````````````次好`````````````````差```````````````````最好

````````````````表二  永久历的月历表、年历表种类数的核算表
```````月历表种类```````````````````````第一年``````````第二年````````````第三年````````````第四年
1(星期日)……30(星期一):1月、4月小```9月、12月小``````6月小(平)                  
1(星期二)……30(星期三):2月小````````````````````````````````1月、4月小                  
1(星期四)……31(星期六):3月大```````````````8月大`````````````5月大````````````7月大    
1(星期二)……31(星期四):5月大``````````````10月大`````````````7月大      
1(星期五)……30(星期六):6月小(平)``````11月小````````````````````````````````2月小    
1(星期日)……31(星期二):7月大```````````````````````````````````````````````````3月、8月大    
1(星期三)……31(星期五):8月大```````````````5月大`````````````10月大              
1(星期六)……30(星期日):9月、12月小``````6月小(平)`````11月小            
1(星期一)……31(星期三):10月大`````````````7月大``````````````````````````````6月大(闰)   
1(星期四)……30(星期五):11月小```````````````````````````````````2月                
1(星期一)……30(星期二)```````````````````````1月、4月小``````9月、12月小``````11月小        
1(星期三)……30(星期四)`````````````````````````2月小``````````````````````````````1月、4月、9月、12月小
1(星期五)……31(星期日)`````````````````````````3月大``````````````8月大`````````5月、10月大  
1(星期六)……31(星期一)``````````````````````````````````````````````3月大`````````   

````从表二可知:(1)由于星期有7种排列次序,因此永久历的月历表并非只有2种(30天或31天),而是有14种之多。(2)上面只列出了闰周4年的永久历年历表,结果表明各年的年历表全然不同,究竟此历有多少种年历表,请周先生自己查找答案。14年前,笔者发现公历的月历表具有28年重复特性,据此创制出了两纸相对旋转即成的千年旋历,列表指明公历的年历表共有14种,永久历是否也有此种重复特性,也希望周先生探讨一下。
````仅从表一所列的部分主要性能指标评比,即可大致判知历法的优劣次序为:自然历最优,世界历次之,公历和永久历性能差。周先生对于新历方案花了许多心血,为什么历法性能还会差呢?这是值得深思的问题?笔者认为关键似为没有认清“连续七日周”的严重缺点,不改革这一严重缺点的新历方案能获成功吗?

``````````````````````二、再补充其余的性能指标评比
````笔者认为研究历法改革,首需明确改历原则和评比历法性能的指标体系。为此,在1995年的《智寿历卡(1900-3099)》书中,就提出了历法性能的指标体系(6个大项:科学性、精确度、匀称性、稳定性、规律性、可行性,各含5个小项),并对三种历法(公历、新四季历方案、夏历)的各项性能作出尽可能的定量对比,余则作出定性分析。曾教授重视历法理论分析,1998年提出世界历的建议方案共有4种方案,列出了18条评比指标。实践表明,具有正确的改历原则,明确历法性能的指标体系,进行客观的定量定性评比,可以避免迷失改历的方向,不会纠缠于枝节问题的争论,有助于增强逻辑思维能力。因此完善历法方案的性能指标体系,是推进历改研究的重要任务。本此目的,笔者根据本会的“附件二 6种历法方案的主要性能比较表”,再补充其余的性能指标(见表三),欢迎大家发表评议意见。

```````````````````````````表三 补充其余的性能指标
`性能指标``````````公历```````````````世界历```````````````永久历``````````````自然历
年首符合天文``缺乏天文意义,`````同公历```````````````同公历``````````````近似立春日
``````````````在冬至后约10天;``````````````````````仍按三月划分历季,````(2月4日)
``````````````按三月划分历季`````````````````````````但节气多处于各月`````节气多在月初和月半
``````````````四季划分不科学`````````````````````````的6、21日``````````````````四季划分科学
置闰法则```````400年97闰`````````400年97闰`````````128年31闰``````````主张单题另议后加上
``````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````(笔者:附加“3200年减闰”)
历年平均日数````365.2425`````````365.2425``````````365.2421875`````````365.2421875
旬周星期```````````差``````````````````有改进```````````````差`````````````````推荐科学的五日周制
````````````````连续七日周````````已改革为七日周````仍用连续七日周``````因属于人文历法,主
```````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````张可由各国自主选定。
测算星期```````````差```````````````````尚好`````````````````差`````````````````````````好
````````````需336个月历密```````同左法,各季三月````同左法,至少需`````无需月历密码,直接
````````````码,用除七取余法```密码依序为6、2、4```14个月历密码```````用除五取余法
估计节气````上半年5、20,````新四季历已提出精`````?(有待作者```````已提出精确估计节气
```````````````下半年7、23```````确估计节气的口诀`````提供估计口诀)````的口诀
月内日数和````4种(28-31)```````2种(30-31)```````2种(30-31)``````3种(30、35-36)
季月统计````不便于各月对比````便于各月概略对比````便于各月概略对比```11个月可精确对比,
```````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````年中周需另作处理。

 


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